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yourdog amerikaanse waterspani l senior 2

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yourdog amerikaanse waterspani l senior 2Yourdog Amerikaanse waterspanil zorgt voor de holistische gezondheid en het welzijn van uw hond. Alle Yourdog varianten bevatten volledig buffel en kip. Wij combineren dit met zorgvuldig geselecteerde groenten, fruit en kruiden om zo te komen tot de perfecte voeding voor jouw Amerikaanse waterspanil. Waarom Yourdog Amerikaanse waterspanil Rijk aan buffel en gevogelte Speciaal gemaakt voor de Amerikaanse waterspanil Bevat Yucca, Wortel en Banaan

Yourdog Amerikaanse waterspaniël zorgt voor de holistische gezondheid en het welzijn van uw hond. Alle Yourdog varianten bevatten volledig buffel en kip. Wij combineren dit met zorgvuldig geselecteerde groenten, fruit en kruiden om zo te komen tot de perfecte voeding voor jouw Amerikaanse waterspaniël.

Waarom Yourdog Amerikaanse waterspaniël

  • Rijk aan buffel en gevogelte
  • Speciaal gemaakt voor de Amerikaanse waterspaniël
  • Bevat Yucca, Wortel en Banaan
  • Bevordert een gezonde, samengestelde vacht
  • Zorg voor een gezonde darmflora
  • Vrij van kunstmatige geur-, kleur- of smaakstoffen
  • Ook geschikt voor de gevoelige Amerikaanse waterspaniël

Onze ingrediënten

Voor het maken van ons voer wordt er voor een 12 kg-zak 10,6 kg vlees ingedroogd, zodat dit beter te verwerken is in onze brok. Met de juiste hoeveelheid groente, fruit en kruiden is Yourdog een gezonde, voedzame keuze voor de hond.

Buffel

Bij Yourdog gebruiken wij vlees van vrij volwassene en gras gevoerde buffels. Buffelvlees staat bekend om zijn romige, frisse smaak en rijke kleur en zit vol met vitamines en mineralen. Met een lager cholesterol- en vetgehalte en minder calorieën zit dit malse vlees bomvol gezondheidsvoordelen.

Gevogelte

Bij Yourdog maken wij gebruik van eend, kip en kalkoen welke samen zorgen voor een heerlijke smaak en aroma van de brok. De hoog verticale eiwitten in het gevogelte zorgen voor een goede spieropbouw en zijn rijk aan vitamines en mineralen.

Groente

Om de hond te voorzien van extra waardevolle toevoer zijn supergezonde groenten aan ons voer toegevoegd. Zo zijn groenten niet alleen voedzaam, maar hebben ze ook nog andere gezonde eigenschappen. De ruwe vezel in groenten is goed voor de darmen en kan onder andere bijdragen aan de spijsvertering.

Fruit

Wij voegen een unieke combinatie van fruit toe aan Yourdog toe, waardoor de hond alle essentiële, natuurlijke antioxidanten binnen krijgt. Zo kan het fruit goed zijn voor het immuunsysteem van de hond, maar het kan ook bijdragen aan een frisse adem of het behouden van een gezonde spijsvertering. Deze natuurlijke ingrediënten voor de gezondheid van de hond.

Kruiden

De gezonde kruiden die ons voer verrijken zijn afkomstig van planten uit Europa. Het gebruik van onder andere kruiden, wortels, bloemen, planten en wieren vindt zijn oorsprong al duizenden jaren terug. Deze ingrediënten ondersteunen de natuurlijke processen in het lichaam van de hond, zoals de spijsvertering. Ieder ingrediënt dat wij aan ons hondenvoer toevoegen is met zorg geselecteerd vanwege de positieve eigenschappen. Afhankelijk van de grootte van de hond, wordt het ras of de rasgroep ingrediënten extra onder de aandacht gebracht. Rasspecifieke klachten kunnen verminderd worden door het gebruik van kruiden, wortels, bloemen en planten.

Amerikaanse waterspaniël specifieke groente, kruiden en fruit

Wij hebben zorgvuldig de raseigenschappen van de Amerikaanse waterspaniël onderzocht. Ook hebben we onderzoek gedaan naar de eigenschappen van de FCI-ras sectie en de FCI-rasgroep waar de Amerikaanse waterspaniël toe behoren. Uit deze onderzoekers zijn, in overleg met mogelijke Nederlandse voedingsdeskundige, oorspronkelijk geselecteerd die de gezondheid en het welzijn van de Amerikaanse waterspaniël optimaal tien goede komen.

Yucca

Deze plant groeit in de woestijnen van Zuidwest-Amerika en Noord-Mexico. De wortels van de yucca worden al eeuwenlang door de Indianen in deze gebieden als medicijn tegen reuma en artritis gebruikt. Het remt de pijn en het ontstekingen in de gewrichten af.

Yucca kan worden toegevoegd aan ons hondenvoer omdat dit een positieve bijdrage zou kunnen leveren aan het voorkomen van rasspecifieke klachten in relatie tot reuma, artritis, artrose, de darmen en het hart. Yucca kan er ook voor zorgen dat de ontlasting minder sterk ruikt en stinkende winden helpt.

Wortel

De wortel zoals wij die nu kennen, oftewel de oranje wortel, is het resultaat van vele jaren aan kruisingen. De eerste witte wortels kwamen oorspronkelijk uit Iran en werden in de 17e eeuw door de VOC naar Nederland gebracht.

Wortels zijn een belangrijke bron van vitamines en vezels. Zo bevat wortels retinol (vitamine A1) en beta-carotine, wat in het lichaam wordt vervangen in vitamine A. Dit is belangrijk voor de opbouw van haarvaten en de gezondheid van alle cellen. De vezels in een wortel dragen bij de spijsvertering van de hond. Daarnaast zijn wortels laag in calorieën en goed voor vacht en huid.

Bij Yourdog voegt wij wortel toe aan het hondenvoer omdat dit een positieve bijdrage kan leveren aan het voorkomen van rasspecifieke klachten in de relatie tot de vacht en huid van de hond. Maar ook ter bevordering van goed zicht en een gezonde spijsvertering.

Banaan

De bananenplant groeit in tropische gebieden waar de temperatuur niet onder de 10 graden Celsius komt. Er zijn zelfs aanwijzingen dat de banaan ongeveer 7.000 jaar geleden in Nieuw-Guinea gecultiveerd zou zijn. De definitie is afgeleid van het woord Obanaana uit de taal van de Wolof-bevolking.

Bananen zijn rijk aan vitamines en mineralen. Waaronder vitamine A, C en B11 (foliumzuur) en de mineralen kalium, magnesium, ijzer en zink. Het natuurlijke antioxidant, vitamine C, kan de weerstand versterken. Vitamine B11, oftewel foliumzuur, kan het immuunsysteem ondersteunen en kan bijdragen aan een goed werkend moduleerbaar. Bovendien kan het de kans op hart- en defecten verminderen. Ook kalium kan bijdragen aan het verlagen van de bloeddruk bij honden met een hoge bloeddruk, magnesium kan bijdragen aan het ontspannen van de spieren en het effectieve van de botgroei. Daarnaast bevat banaan veel goede vezels en zorgt voor meer goede bacteriën in de darmen.

Pup, volwassen of senior?

Om je te helpen bij het maken van de juiste keuze tussen onze varianten Amerikaanse waterspaniël hondenvoer kun je gebruik maken van de volgende richtlijnen. Is jouw Amerikaanse waterspaniël jonger dan 11 maanden, kies dan voor de Puppy-variant. Voor een Amerikaanse waterspaniël ouder dan 7 jaar adviseren wij de Yourdog Amerikaanse waterspaniël senior. Is jouw hond ouder dan 11 maanden en jonger dan 7 jaar, dan kun je de volwassen variant kiezen.

Smaakelijkheidsgarantie

Wij zijn betrouwbaar van de kwaliteit van onze voeding. Daarom geven wij op alle Yourdog verpakkingen een smakelijkheidsgarantie. Lijkt jouw Amerikaanse waterspaniël zijn Yourdog hondenvoer toch niet lekker te vinden, neem dan contact met ons op. Wij helpen je bij het analyseren van de problemen. Komen we er niet samen uit dan krijg je van ons het aankoopbedrag terug.

Voedingsadvies

Lichaamsgewicht (kg) Dagelijkse hoeveelheid (g)
10 - 20 190 - 315
20 - 40 315 - 525
40 - 60 525 - 750

Overstapadvies

Stap je over op Yourdog vanaf een ander voermerk dan adviseren wij de volgende stappen te volgen. Voor de eerste stap voer je 25% Yourdog en 75% van het oude hondenvoer. De hond kan hier gedurende twee dagen aan wennen. Vervolgens voer je 50% Yourdog en 50% van het oude hondenvoer. Het is belangrijk dat je de hond ook hier weer twee of drie dagen aan laat gewend. Daarna meng je 75% Yourdog en 25% van het oude hondenvoer. De hond is nu bijna helemaal voorbij op Yourdog. Doe dit gedurende 2 dagen. Naar eigen inzicht kun je hierna 100% Yourdog Amerikaanse waterspaniël hondenvoer gaan voeren.

Bewaaradvies

Na het openen van de Yourdog-verpakking wordt de voeding opgenomen aan zuurstof, vocht en licht, wat de duurzame en smaak kan verminderen. Daarom is het belangrijk dat de voeding na het openen van de zak op een goede manier te bewaren is, bij voorkeur in een luchtdichte bewaardoos of -ton op een droge, koele en donkere plaats. Het beste is om de voeding niet los te laten in de ton te doen, maar deze met de hele zak, die je weer zo goed mogelijk dichtmaakt, in de ton te zetten.

Samenstelling

Maïs, gedroogde kip (23%), gerst, erwten, gedroogde buffel (3,5%), gevogeltevet, cholinechloride, glucosamine, chondroïtine, groentemix (met oa wortel), fruitmix (met oa banaan), kruidenmix (met oa yucca)

Analytische bestandsdelen

Ruw eiwit 24%, ruw vet 8%, ruw celstof 3,9%, ruw als 6%, Calcium 1,4%, Fosfor 1,1%

Voedingswaarden

Vitamine A 20.000 IE (E672), vitamine D3 1.400 IE (E671), vitamine E als all rac-alpha-tocopherylacetat (3a700) 500 mg, E1 Fe als ijzer(II)sulfaat, monohydraat: 50 mg, E2 I als calciumjodaat, watervrij:1,5 mg, E4 Cu als koper(II)sulfaat, pentahydraat: 5,0 mg, E5 Mn als mangaan(II)oxide: 35 mg, E6 Zn als zinkoxide: 65 mg, E8 Se als natriumseleniet: 0,2 mg.

Samenstelling Maïs, gedroogde kip (23%), gerst, erwten, gedroogde buffel (3.5%), gevogeltevet, choline chloride, glucosamine, chondroïtine, groentemix (met oa wortel), fruitmix (met oa banaan), kruidenmix (met oa yucca) Analytische bestanddelen Ruw eiwit 24%, ruw vet 8%, ruwe celstof 3,9%, ruw als 6%, Calcium 1,4%, Fosfor 1,1% Toevoegingen Vitamine A 20.000 IE (E672), vitamine D3 1.400 IE (E671), vitamine E als all rac-alpha-tocopherylacetat (3a700) 500 mg, E1 Fe als ijzer(II)sulfaat, monohydraat: 50 mg, E2 I als calciumjodaat, watervrij:1,5 mg, E4 Cu als koper(II)sulfaat, pentahydraat: 5,0 mg, E5 Mn als mangaan(II)oxide: 35 mg, E6 Zn als zinkoxide: 65 mg, E8 Se als natriumseleniet: 0,2 mg.

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4.4 ★★★★★
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Fr. Charles Erlandson
Charlottesville, US
★★★★★ 5
Marries God's Grace, Orthodox Theology, and Social Justice
When I ordered Timothy Keller's "Generous Justice," I thought I was buying a book about God's justice (in condemning sinners), which has been assailed by so many recently. Never have I been so pleasantly and emotionally surprised by a book. What Keller has done instead is to wed a theology of God's grace to us, and one that is fully orthodox in nature, with a biblical emphasis on social justice. Keller's main thesis is this: God's "generous justice" to humans who are poor in spirit and in great need is a motivation for our administering social justice - as well as an evidence that we have truly received the grace of God. This is truly a mind-blowing, heart-rending thesis - and it's hit me like a ton of bricks! The very night I read this book, I read (from the Book of Common Prayer) the prayer for Social Justice in our Evening Prayer service at church. Obviously God is trying to teach me something, and I think He's trying to teach you all the same thing. That something is that Christians are to be involved in social justice not only because it's a commandment but because it's a response to a life that's received the grace of God (His "generous justice"). Keller cuts across the great conservative/liberal divide in this book. He has something that most of you will at first disagree about, but when you truly consider it, you'll find that he's probably right. Social justice is about caring for the poor and alienated, both as individuals and as communities. To conservative Christians he preaches that social justice does indeed involve changing entire communities and that real oppression and social injustice still exists in the U.S. To liberal Christians he preaches that much of poverty really does come from the personal moral failings of individuals. In fact, he outlines 3 possible causes of poverty: oppression, calamity, and personal moral failure. He believes that the biblical emphasis is especially on the larger structural factors (although I don't necessarily agree with him here.) Perhaps most importantly, Keller is putting his money where his mouth is: his Redeemer Presbyterian Church is located in Manhattan. What Keller does best, beginning with the Old Testament and continuing through the teachings of Jesus and the Epistles is to show God's concern for social justice. You cannot read this book without being challenged to want to be more involved in correcting social injustice, whether at the individual or social level. This book hit me like a ton of bricks because years ago I had read Ron Sider's Rich Christians in an Age of Hunger while in college. I was originally moved by the book but then became aware that Sider had made a lot of errors in his theology and thinking. For years, I allowed this and the liberal emphasis on the social gospel as opposed to the true gospel to shield me from the biblical message of the need for justice. This book has been like a sledgehammer to my soul, and it will take me months and years to sort out what God would have me do next. In addition to providing the biblical and theological rationale for caring for the poor and disadvantaged, Keller turns towards a more practical approach towards the end of the book, which was exactly what I needed. He answers questions I and many others have, such as "What if I don't live by an area of poverty?" (then look for the disadvantaged, abused, neglected, sick, single parents wherever you are!) He discusses 3 levels of help that need to be offered: relief (direct aid to immediate needs), development (giving a family or community what they need to move beyond dependency), and social reform (changing the conditions and social conditions that cause dependency). Keller divides his book up this way: Introduction: Why Write This Book? Chapter One - What is Doing Justice? Chapter Two - Justice and the Old Testament Chapter Three - What Did Jesus Say About Justice? Chapter Four - Justice and Your Neighbor Chapter Five - Why Should We Do Justice? Chapter Six - How Should We Do Justice? Chapter Seven - Doing Justice in the Public Square Chapter Eight - Peace, Beauty, and Justice There are still things I disagree with about the book, and I have a few areas where I think Keller could have been clearer or more forceful so as not to mislead. My 1st objection is that Keller seems to emphasize justice in terms of structures more than the justice we seek for individuals (for example, the many ways I seek justice among my kids at home). Keller didn't talk about this side of things enough. He also, in my opinion, doesn't adequately take into account the moral failings that are the cause of so much of American poverty since the 20th century. It's not that he isn't aware of this side of things: I just think he understates it. Second, while Keller's clearly aware that our contemporary situation is not a theocracy like that of ancient Israel, too much of the time he seems to assume that the social justice we seek is out in the world at large, as opposed to the social justice we seek specifically in the Church. The New Testament letters are clearly more heavily weighted toward how we seek justice specifically in the Church, which is to model social justice for the world, even as the justice of national Israel was to be a model for the nations. He also doesn't address the problem that in ancient Israel and the first century Church, Christians knew who the poor were because there was little social mobility. They knew who was really lame and who was faking; they knew who had fallen on hard times; and they knew who was merely lazy or malicious. It's much more difficult for Christians today to discern this, and Keller makes no (or at least inadequate) reference to the traditional Christian distinction between the deserving and the undeserving poor (an issue that several books by George Grant discuss more adequately). In spite of these errors or exaggerations, "Generous Justice" is still a book every church should be discussing. Read it, and see if it doesn't break your heart and make you more aware of God's grace to you, as well as your need to do justice to those around you!
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Reviewed in the United States on November 4, 2010
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Joshua Reich
San Leandro, US
★★★★★ 5
How the Gospel & Justice go hand in hand
Anything by Tim Keller is worth reading and re-reading. His book Generous Justice is no different. I worked my way through it last week as I prepped my sermon on James 2. Here is the main idea of the book: "If a person grasped the meaning of God's grace in his heart, he will do justice. If he doesn't live justly, then he may say with his lips that he is grateful for God's grace, but in his heart he is far from him. If he doesn't care about the poor, it reveals that at best he doesn't understand the grace he has experienced, and at worst he has not really encountered the saving mercy of God. Grace should make you just." One of the more interesting things I found in the book was how Keller weaved through Scripture and looked at the various places that justice, poor, widows, orphans, etc. are talked about in the Old and New Testaments. He also pointed out how God is introduced in Scripture as "the father to the fatherless and defender of the widow" almost more than any title. Which strikes me because God is often associated with suburbia. If the church and his followers are to be like him, what does that mean our lives should be like? What would we have to do so that we are identified as "the father to the fatherless and the defender of the widow?" Keller answers, "If God's character includes a zeal for justice that leads him to have the tenderest love and closest involvement with the socially weak, then what should God's people be like? They must be people who are likewise passionately concerned for the weak and vulnerable." But what does doing justice mean? It has become a polarizing word and idea. Often, "doing justice" is associated solely with left wing politics or liberal Christianity, the social gospel. In fact, after spending the last 2 weeks talking about loving the overlooked at Revolution I was asked by someone if we were getting political as a church. While the question is misguided, I understand where it comes from. Evangelical Christianity is more focused on souls and eternity, which we are called to and incredibly important, but we are also called to love people and meet practical needs at the same time. I don't think you can separate the two (or at least we shouldn't separate the two), even though lots of people do. Justice is intricately associated with the gospel. Keller says, "We do justice when we give all human beings their due as creations of God. Doing justice includes not only the righting of wrongs (the gospel), but generosity and social concern, especially toward the poor and vulnerable. This kind of life reflects the character of God. It consists of a broad range of activities, from simple fair and honest dealings with people in daily life, to regular, radically generous giving of your time and resources, to activism that seeks to end particular forms of injustice, violence, and oppression." Here are a few things that jumped out: -A true experience of the grace of Jesus Christ inevitably motivates a man or woman to seek justice in the world. -God loves and defends those with the least economic and social power, and so should we. That is what it means to "do justice." -The Bible gives believers two basic motivations for doing justice - joyful awe before the goodness of God's creation, and the experience of God's grace in redemption. I highly, highly recommend picking up this book. Every Christian needs to wrestle with what it means to be changed by the gospel and the implications on how we live and what that means in terms of the overlooked and "doing justice" in our world. For more, check out [...]
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Reviewed in the United States on February 19, 2011
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Better Display Cases
Draper, US
★★★★★ 4
Good Book; Slightly Biased
I liked Tim Keller's book quite a bit. He makes a strong, biblical case for the necessity for christians to do justice. This part of the gospel has been lacking in conservative, evangelical circles. So, Pastor Keller performs a real service, as a conservative evangelical, in speaking out on the issue. However, there is a slight, conservative, bias in the book. He seems to try to bend over backwards to be fair, but still ends up missing and misstating a few things. As a conservative, he de-emphasizes the important role of government in social justice and the necessity for christians to actively promote justice in the public sphere. Yes, he mentions this, and even gives some examples where christians should be involved in promoting justice in the public sphere. But, the instances he cites are small cases like when we see injustice in local law enforcement or building inspector corruption. Those sorts of things. That's fine as far as it goes, but it's the tip of the iceberg. The things that can make a big difference in our society in promoting justice are national policies involving health care, housing assistance, education assistance, food stamps, etc. Mr. Keller avoids talking about those things because they are inconsistent with the politics that conservative christians almost universally support. So, he doesn't want to alienate his supporters. And, perhaps he himself opposes things like national health care. Of course, obviously, that position is inconsistent with what Jesus taught about caring for the poor and sick. Mr. Keller, and other conservatives, would say it's not the government's role to provide health care to the poor; rather the role of the church. And, he would cite some small example of some church that maybe offers free health screenings. Give me a break. Tell me the church I can send a homeless person to where he can live and receive the cancer or heart treatment he needs and then I'll agree with Mr. Keller and the conservatives. Until then, the government MUST play a role in this area and christians should be leaders in promoting that. But, Mr. Keller, rather predictably, mostly ignores this issue of the actual, true role of modern government in justice -- which necessarily, for better or worse, has to be quite large. We see this conservative slant to the book other times as well. For instance, when talking about the Sermon on the Mount, Keller says that both conservatives and liberals miss part of Jesus' message. He says conservatives ignore Jesus' words about social justice and liberals ignore his words about personal morality. I just don't think that's fair because I think liberal christians care just as much as conservatives about private morality. It's possible to point to an issue here or there where that's not true; but then it's possible to point to others that point in the other direction. The bottom line is that supporting social justice requires private morality (unselfishness). Mr. Keller cites the private/individual morality issues that Jesus discusses as sexual lust in the heart, adultery, divorce and overwork and materialism. Yet, there is no evidence that liberals are more guilty of these issues than conservatives; in fact, I'd suggest the opposite may be true (certainly with respect to overwork and materialism). I wish Keller would simply admit the obvious which is that liberal christians are much more on board with the Sermon on the Mount and generally with Jesus' message of promotion of Justice and God's Kingdom on earth. That message is at the heart of christian liberalism. But, rather than simply admitting that this is an area that liberals generally get right and conservatives get wrong; instead Keller reaches for straws that don't exist. We see this again when Keller says in the introduction to the book that Walter Rauschenbusch (a "father" of liberal christianity) "rejected the traditional doctrines of Scripture and atonement." As evidence for this serious and broad criticism, Keller provides a footnote which fails to provide any quotes, rather it simply references Rauschenbusch's book A Theology for the Social Gospel, Ch. 19 and says that Rauschenbusch therein "rejects the theory of penal substitution." Yet if one reads Ch. 19 of Rauschenbusch's book, one will find he clearly does NOT reject the theories of atonement or penal substitution. In fact, on page 244 Rauschenbusch states: "As Christian men we believe that the death of our Lord concerns us all. Our sins caused it. He bore the sin of the world. In turn his death was somehow for our good. Our spiritual situation is fundamentally changed in consequence of it." Then on pg. 273, Rauschenbusch says: "The cross is the monumental fact telling of grace and inviting repentance and humility." Furthermore, Rauschenbusch on numerous occasions in all his books specifically states that his ideas of social justice take nothing away from traditional christian theology; rather they add important things to it. The very things Keller talks about. Again, Keller provides no detailed information about why he thinks Rauschenbusch denied the theory of atonement -- he simply says he did and in a footnote cites a book that seems to not say what Keller thinks it says. This kind of unfair and misleading criticism of "liberal" christians is just wrong and we see it too much. Liberal christianity does not deny any of the essentials of the faith (at least the liberals that Keller talks about); but adds the "do" and "God's Kingdom" parts of the gospel that conservative christians too often miss. Keller does a great service in pointing this out. I just wish he was fair to liberal christians who have long been exactly where Mr. Keller has now arrived. But, again, very good book. And, one that I hope many christians (conservative and liberal) will read.
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Reviewed in the United States on May 12, 2011
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Pete Beck III
Natrona Heights, US
★★★★★ 5
Book Summary for Generous Justice
I have read several of Keller's books. This one is a must read for every Christian, especially for those who hearts are nudging them toward ministry to the poor, the oppressed, and the marginalized. I will attempt summarize the book, but I encourage you to read it for yourself. In Chapter One, citing Micah 6:8, Keller defines biblical justice as care for the vulnerable. In premodern, agrarian societies, these four groups [widows, orphans, immigrants, and the poor] had no social power. They lived at a subsistence level and were only a few days away from starvation if there were any famine, invasion, or even minor social unrest. Today this quartet would be expanded to include the refugee, the migrant worker, the homeless, and many single parents and elderly people. The mishpat, or justness, of a society, according to the Bible, is evaluated by how it treats these groups. (pp.4-5) Realize, then, how significant it is that the Biblical writers introduce God as "a father to the fatherless, a defender of widows" (Psalm 68:4-5). This is one of the main things he does in the world. He identifies with the powerless; he takes up their cause. (p.6) Keller introduces another word for justice from the Old Testament, tzadeqah, which defines the righteous as those who are "right with God and therefore committed to putting right all other relationships in life." (p10) The two words, mishpat and tzadeqah, are used together over three dozen times. "The English expression that best conveys the meaning is 'social justice.'" (p.14) Keller then turns to the New Testament to point out that Jesus calls gifts to the poor "acts of righteousness." (Matthew 6:1-2) He concludes that "not giving generously, then, is not stinginess, but unrighteousness, a violation of God's law." (p15) Chapter Two delves more deeply into the the themes of justice in the Old Testament. God gave the Israelites numerous laws "that, if practiced, would have virtually eliminated any permanent underclass." (p.27) There were laws of release from debt every seven years. Deuteronomy 15:7-8 commands Israelites to "be openhanded and freely lend him [the poor] whatever he needs," to help them reach self-sufficiency. Gleaning laws commanded land owners to leave a certain portion of their crops in the fields so that the poor could work to provide food for themselves. Every third year the tithes were put in public storehouses for the poor and marginalized. (Deut. 14:29) Every fifty years on the year of Jubilee, all debts were forgiven, the land went back to its original owners, and slaves were freed. Each person or family had at least a once-in-a-lifetime chance to start afresh, no matter how irresponsibly they had handled their finances or how far into debt they had fallen. (p.28) Keller shows how Paul used Exodus 16:18 as a reference when he wrote 2 Corinthians Chapter Eight. He showed how the Israelites were commanded not to hoard manna, but to share it with those who may not have gathered enough. The idea being that "the money you earn is a gift from God. Therefore the money you make must be shared to build up community. So wealthier believers must share with poorer ones. (p31) Before you jump to any conclusions, Keller is not a socialist, but shows how the Bible cannot be confined to any one political or economic philosophy. He cites Craig Blomberg's survey of the Mosaic laws of gleaning, releasing, tithing, and the Jubilee, where he concludes: "the Biblical attitude toward wealth and possessions does not fit into any of the normal categories of democratic capitalism, or of traditional monarchial feudalism, or of state socialism." (p.32) Keller writes: "One of the main reasons we cannot fit the Bible's approach into a liberal or conservative economic model is the Scripture's highly nuanced understanding of the causes of poverty." (p.33) Whereas liberals blame social forces beyond the control of the poor and conservatives blame the breakdown of the family, poor character, and bad personal practices, the Bible is more balanced. Oppression is certainly one main reason for poverty, and the rich are blamed when vast disparities exist between the rich and poor. I will not cite the references here to be as concise as possible. He writes: "the Mosaic legislation was designed to keep the ordinary disparities between the wealthy and the poor from becoming aggravated and extreme." (p.33) The Bible also lists natural disasters as a cause of poverty. Some people lack the ability to make wise decisions. Another cause is personal moral failure. "Poverty, therefore, is seen in the Bible as a very complex phenomenon." (p.34) In the New Testament, Keller quotes Luke 14:12-13 to show us "that it is in some respects our duty to give a preference to the poor." (p.46) In contrast to the patronage system in existence in Jesus' day, what Jesus prescribed "would have looked like economic and social suicide." (p.47) Instead of doing favors for the rich and influential, our Lord advised serving those who can do nothing for us. "Like Isaiah, Jesus taught that a lack of concern for the poor is not a minor lapse, but reveals that something is seriously wrong with one's spiritual compass, the heart." (p.51) The parable of the sheep and goats teaches that our heart and service towards the poor and marginalized reflect our heart and service to Jesus. Perhaps the best chapter in the book is the fifth, entitled "Why Should We Do Justice?" When we delve down into what really motivates our behavior and values, we discover hidden treasure. It is obvious that mere reason and guilt trips will not change people's hearts to be more involved with helping the helpless. Keller comes at the "why" from two angles. The first is what he calls "honoring the image," which is based on creation. "The image of God carries with it the right to not be mistreated or harmed." (p.84) Or to put it another way, "Because we treasure the owner [God], we honor his house [people]." (p.85) Using this line of reasoning, we must acknowledge that everything we have came from God and ultimately belongs to God. We are stewards or caretakers of another's property. Applying the Old Testament principles of mishpat and tzadeqah, we can say, "the righteous [tzaddiq]...are willing to disadvantage themselves to advantage the community; the wicked are willing to disadvantage the community to advantage themselves." (p.90) Does this not echo the words of Paul: You know the generous grace of our Lord Jesus Christ. Though he was rich, yet for your sakes he became poor, so that by his poverty he could make you rich. 2 Corinthians 8:9 (NLT) With reference to the gleaning laws, Keller writes: In God's view, however, while the poor did not have a right to the ownership of the farmer's land, they had a right to some of its produce. If the owner did not limit his profits and provide the poor with an opportunity to work for their own benefit in the field, he did not simply deprive the poor of charity, but of justice, of their right. Why? A lack of generosity refuses to acknowledge that your assets are not really yours, but God's. (p.91) The second part of the "why" we should do justice is found in our response to grace. The idea here is that none of us deserve God's grace. Any argument against serving the poor because they don't deserve our help falls apart in light of this truth. James wrote that to look at a brother or sister without resources and do nothing about it reveals a lifeless kind of faith. (James 2:15-16) The doctrine of justification is necessary because the demands of the law are so high that none of us can attain to it. God's commands regarding loving the poor and helpless are so high that we must rely on God's grace to enable us to fulfill them. "People who come to grasp the gospel of grace and become spiritually poor find their hearts gravitating toward the materially poor. To the degree that the gospel shapes your self-image, you will identify with those in need." (p.102) Keller concludes: "I believe, however, when justice for the poor is connected not to guilt but to grace and to the gospel, this 'pushes the button' down deep in believers' souls, and they begin to wake up." (p.107) The last two chapters deal with practical aspects of doing justice individually, as a church, and in partnership with others in the community. Since I am growing weary and need to move on to some other things, I will leave those to you to read. The last chapter shows how Jesus identified with the poor and oppressed when he hung upon the cross, penniless and without justice. His trial and execution were illegal. God came to earth as a poor carpenter and died as a criminal. He is the advocate of the poor, oppressed, and marginalized people of the earth, and has called his church to join him in manifesting God's love to those who desperately need it. I hope you will take the time to purchase and read this book. It will impact your life for good. You can purchase the reviewer's book on Amazon:
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Reviewed in the United States on November 9, 2011
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Richard Burkey Lifelong Learner
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★★★★★ 5
Awakening My Heart for the Poor
"I would like to believe that a heart for the poor `sleeps' down in a Christian's soul until it is awakened" says Tim Keller in Generous Justice. He then adds, "when justice for the poor is connected not to guilt but to grace and to the gospel, this `pushes the button' down deep in believers' souls, and then begin to wake up. For me, Generous Justice, pushed the button, one that God has been pushing the past year or so, to see the world, to see the challenges of the poor and other 3rd world issues, with a desire to make a difference. What I like about Keller's theology and writing is an understanding of grace. Guilt can motivate, but it's not God's way to motivate. Guilt can push for a moment, grace can drive for a lifetime. And the issues of the poor will take a lifetime of grace to deal with in this world. Keller does a great job of digging into a Biblical sense of justice. For most people justice works us to just what they think it should be. Justice in the Biblical sense is more then punishment for what's wrong, it's upholding the needs of the poor and powerless. Justice protects their rights and their value before God. In the Parable of the Good Samaritan, the Samaritan man shows justice and kindness to the Jewish man in need. He provides Generous Justice. But Keller picks it up a notch, by pointing out, what if the Good Samaritan travels that road often and keeps finding Jewish men mugged, beaten, left for dead? What does he do then? Generous Justice would be that he works to change the systemic issues. Generous Justice is not simply how I respond, but how we respond to those in needs as individuals, congregations, and yes, in the political process as well. You may not always agree with Keller, but he will make you think and lay out the possible options to work through. One of my favourite stories Keller includes is about the Roman Emperor Julian, who was not a big fan of Christians. Yet Julian says about these Christians he despises that they take care of their poor and ours as well. That love, that Generous Justice in action, transformed the world for Christ. We need such a transformation of Generous Justice in our day. I highly recommend Generous Justice. It is more then a theological / theoretical book of what could be. Generous Justice is a theological / practical book of what by God's grace we can do as we empowered by God to serve the powerless with the power of God's love at work.
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Reviewed in the United States on February 20, 2012

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