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Description
ROMAN.Galeria Valeria. Augusta, AD 293(?)-311 BI Nummus / Venus holding Apple(2)CLEANED UNCLEANED : Uncleaned CERTIFICATION NUMBER : 61566860 152 CERTIFICATION : NGC GRADE : GRADED YEAR : 293 311 AD COMPOSITION : Billon RULER : Galeria Valeria DENOMINATION : Nummus KM NUMBER : 293 311 ROMAN EMPIRE Galeria Valeria. Augusta, AD 293(?) 311 BI Nummus Roman Age of Chaos CERTIFIED BY NGC Obverse: Draped bust right, wearing stephane Reverse: Venus standing left, holding up apple and raising drapery over shoulder. Galeria Valeria (died
- CLEANED/UNCLEANED : Uncleaned
- CERTIFICATION NUMBER : 61566860-152
- CERTIFICATION : NGC
- GRADE : GRADED
- YEAR : 293 -311 AD
- COMPOSITION : Billon
- RULER : Galeria Valeria
- DENOMINATION : Nummus
- KM NUMBER : 293-311
ROMAN EMPIRE
Galeria Valeria. Augusta, AD 293(?)-311
BI Nummus
Roman Age of Chaos
CERTIFIED BY NGC
Obverse: Draped bust right, wearing stephane
Reverse: Venus standing left, holding
up apple and raising drapery over shoulder.
Galeria Valeria (died 315) was the daughter
of Roman Emperor Diocletian and wife of his co-emperor Galerius.
Born as Valeria to Diocletian and Prisca,
she married Galerius in 293, when her father elevated him to the position of
Caesar. This marriage was clearly organized to strengthen the bonds between the
two emperors.
Valeria was raised to the title of Augusta and Mater Castrorum in November 308.
Since Galerius fathered no child with her, Valeria adopted her husband's
illegitimate son, Candidianus, as her own. In her honor, Galerius renamed the
province of Upper Pannonia Valeria, which he had improved by draining marshes
and removing forests.
When Galerius died, in 311, Licinius was entrusted with the care of Valeria and
her mother Prisca. The two women, however, fled from Licinius to Maximinus Daia,
whose daughter was betrothed to Candidianus. After a short time, Valeria refused
the marriage proposal of Maximinus, who arrested and confined her in Syria and
confiscated her properties. At the death of Maximinus, Licinius ordered the
death of both women. Valeria and Prisca fled, hiding for a year, until they were
recognized by residents in Thessaloniki. She and her mother were captured by
Licinius' soldiers, beheaded in the central square of the city, and their bodies
thrown in the sea.
Valeria was sympathetic towards Christians, while Galerius persecuted them. She
was canonized as a Christian saint with her mother.
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4.4 ★★★★★
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Product Reviews
★★★★★ 4
Great substitute for Adderall.
Item Package Quantity: 1, Size: 100 Count (Pack of 1)
This is a great supplement to have around, especially because it's SO easy and economical compared to coffee. I would happily rate it 5 stars BUT I have to admit that the first few times I took it, the jitters it gave me were pretty extreme. It didn't bother me AT ALL, but I know that it would be WAY too strong for a lot of people.
However, if you're not a stranger to over-loading yourself on caffeine (or other stimulants) and you generally like its effects, this should be a great supplement for you. Very importantly, the jitters went away by the 4th day I took it and now it's hardly noticeable.
I started using it so I could easily lower my daily dose of Adderall (prescribed for ADD) and it did the job well.
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Reviewed in the United States on September 6, 2018
★★★★★ 5
works
Item Package Quantity: 1, Size: 100 Count (Pack of 1)
I work night shift and these keep me energize without jitters. Also, I do not crash. They last a good 6 hours and I'm able to sleep when I get home.
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Reviewed in the United States on December 1, 2025
★★★★★ 1
They don't work
Item Package Quantity: 1, Size: 100 Count (Pack of 1)
Used to work, useless now. It seems they reformulated things. I used to wake up on this guarana, and the most recent batch not only does nothing, I can take two and need a nap within an hour.
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Reviewed in the United States on March 15, 2026
★★★★★ 5
This can be the best for some people and potential trouble for others. BP warning:
Item Package Quantity: 1, Size: 100 Count (Pack of 1)
It triggers my bipolar mania. Even though this detrimental effect is short-lived - only a few hours before coming back to normal... I don't feel right taking this ever again in supplement form. It's ok in a Monster Energy Drink or a Starbucks Tripleshot coffee or something for me personally. Really it's in my opinion the best herbal supplement for energy that is somewhat adventurous and flexitive. For me more like go outside and play, climb pine trees or something. In contrast, I'll suggest this term: "GNC-type herbal stimulants" - they feel more oriented toward focus and less towards locomotive behavior.
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Reviewed in the United States on May 21, 2025
★★★★★ 5
This wonderful biography focuses on what the contemporary records actually tell us.
Format: Paperback
I am very grateful to Richard Bushman for this book. Writing about Joseph Smith invites a storm of criticism because skeptics only want him debunked and believers want their faith supported. Each wants their pre-conceived image of who Joseph was to be proven correct. Bushman takes a strong stance that lets the evidence we have speak for itself, preferably as close to Joseph himself and contemporary witnesses as possible, and tell the story of his life to high scholarly standards.
For me the book read somewhat sparer than a biography that includes anecdotes as if they are history. Many familiar stories that I learned growing up are simply not here. However, relying as much as possible on contemporary accounts and what Joseph himself wrote or said provides a a biography more consistent in its view of Joseph than the books that either extol him or those that tend to attack him and try to debunk him. For example, the famous Brodie biography seemed to me to want Joseph to be both a genius and a dolt, a highly energetic man yet lazy, a crazed believer and a cynical con man, and on and on with similar contradictions. Bushman achieves a more consistent lens on Joseph, despite the complications of the man and his life. I think this is both a great achievement and a real help in trying to understand Joseph. I mean it as high praise for the book when I say that I think that almost everyone who reads this book thoughtfully will take away a broader and deeper conception of who Joseph Smith was and what he did.
Rather than try to recount the book to you I want to share several things that I learned from the book and really value. I could list dozens more, but you can read the book for yourself (which I encourage you to do). Yes, I am a believing member of the LDS Church, but I think the book is intelligent and honest and complete enough to provide interesting and thought provoking material for both the believer and the skeptic and for someone who comes with no knowledge of Joseph at all. Believers will have to consider the complications of the man and his flesh and blood temperament and the misjudgments he made in his life about the people he trusted and some of the actions he took. Skeptics will have to deal with the reality of the man and his achievements. Simply dismissing him as a con man or a crazed visionary will not work because that is not what the actual evidence says. Joseph did not run the Church as the single central figure nor did he turn it into a cult of Joseph Smith.
Bushman showed me the power and genius of the organization of the Church and its balancing mechanisms of being flat with a broadly held male priesthood with a hierarchical leadership with doctrine of keys and how the later addition of women in the operation, governing of the Church, and caring of the needs of the Saints strengthened and enriched it. And while Joseph was the President of the Church and its Prophet and Seer he really did let local leadership govern itself according to the principles taught through the revelations. I think Bushman's focus on the development of the organization and its role in preserving the Church and its ongoing growth after Joseph's murder is spot on and helped deepen my appreciation of its dynamism and adaptability.
I also like the compromise language Bushman achieved in dealing with the realities of the revelations of Joseph Smith. The author always refers to them as Joseph's revelations. For believers, we accept them as revelations from God through Joseph Smith, but I can see them as "Joseph's" in that they were given through him. And skeptics who reject anything divine about the revelations can accept that, whatever they are, Joseph spoke them. I also liked learning how many of the revelations were given in the presence of others in meetings, how matter of fact they were, how they were immediately copied and circulated, and how difficult it was to get them collected and printed for a variety of reasons until we finally got them published as the Doctrine and Covenants.
Another thing I gained a deeper appreciation of was the utter daring and the monumental nature of building the Kirtland Temple so early in the Church's life. Most Mormon congregations (wards) have around 500 members. Kirtland at the time they were building the temple was growing, but only had around 600 members when the project began. I can't fathom taking on such a project with so few people and for a people living in log structures and less it is even more incredible. Yet they built it in that rugged frontier town. I also thought that Bushman handled the sense of the miraculous around the dedication of the temple very sensitively. I also did not realize that when Joseph and Oliver were receiving the visitation of the Savior, Moses, Elijah, and Elias on the altar of the temple that up to 1,000 members were in the temple on the other side of the curtain.
When I was growing up I did not understand clearly how early the Saints arrived in Missouri and how much larger the settlement there was than in Kirtland even though the temple in Kirtland was built and the proposed temple for Zion was not. Bushman also does a good job of giving a clear picture of the dynamics of the persecutions in Missouri and how the growing political power and anti-slavery stance of the Mormons antagonized the locals. The so-called Mormon War is also more critical to the rest of Joseph's life than I had realized.
The constant hounding from Missouri and Joseph having to fear for his life from then on was something I had not truly appreciated. I also think Bushman handles the issue of plural marriage as well as it can be handled. And I think I gained a deeper understanding of John C. Bennett's role in the persecution of the Mormons in Illinois than I had before. I think the actual martyrdom is given a little too light a treatment here, but it is well covered material, and as Bushman notes, a great deal of faith promoting stories have accumulated around that event over the years. And I think he was probably wise in not opening up his book to attacks because he debunked someone's favorite story about Joseph's last days. Just laying out what is actually documented from the time is very helpful.
Even with all the praise I have given, I could heap a great deal more if I had the space and time. But I do want to share an honest perspective I have of the book. It is superior, truly marvelous, from Joseph's early life through the dedication of the Kirtland Temple. That is the zenith of the book. From that point on, while good, the author himself cites difficulty in getting to Joseph directly after that point because his life and the nature of the work of the Church and the lives of the Saints changed. The rest of the book is not as exquisite. Very good, interesting, and informative, but not quite equal to the previous material. It becomes more of a narrative than it had been probably for the reason Bushman cites.
I did find the footnotes and bibliography quite useful. They enriched my reading and sent me on to other reading I found illuminating and will help me in selecting other directions for study for years to come. So, I am especially thankful for the hard work in putting all that material together, as well.
This is a monumental work and a treasure. Read it. Evaluate it for yourself no matter your present attitude or judgments of Joseph Smith. You will have a more considered and informed view for having read it.
And, I don't know why this is in the paperback section. I bought and read the hardcover of the book.
Reviewed by Craig Matteson, Saline, MI
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Reviewed in the United States on May 15, 2012