SKU: 98972122130

Balkan Cyberia

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Description

Balkan CyberiaBy: Victor Petrov How Bulgaria transformed the computer industry behind the Iron Curtainand the consequences of that transformation for a society that dreamt of a brighter future. Bulgaria in 1963 was a communist country led by a centralized party trying to navigate a multinational Cold War. The state needed money, and it sought prestige. By cultivating a burgeoning computer industry, Bulgaria achieved both but at great cost to the established order.

By: Victor Petrov     
How Bulgaria transformed the computer industry behind the Iron Curtain—and the consequences of that transformation for a society that dreamt of a brighter future.

Bulgaria in 1963 was a communist country led by a centralized party trying to navigate a multinational Cold War. The state needed money, and it sought prestige. By cultivating a burgeoning computer industry, Bulgaria achieved both but at great cost to the established order. In Balkan Cyberia, Victor Petrov elevates a deeply researched, local story of ambition into an essential history of global innovation, ideological conflict, and exchange. 

Granted tremendous freedom by the Politburo and backed by a concerted state secret intelligence effort, a new, privileged class of technical intellectuals and managers rose to prominence in Bulgaria in the 1960s. Plugged in to transnational business and professional networks, they strove to realize the party’s radical dreams of utopian automation, and Bulgaria would come to manufacture up to half of the Eastern Bloc’s electronics. Yet, as Petrov shows, the export-oriented nature of the industry also led to the disruption of party rule. Technicians, now thinking with and through computers, began to recast the dominant intellectual discourse within a framework of reform, while technocratic managers translated their newfound political clout into economic power that served them well before and after the revolutions of 1989.

Balkan Cyberia reveals the extension of economic and political networks of influence far past the reputed fall of communism, along with the pivotal role small countries played in geopolitical games at the time. Through the prism of the Bulgarian computer industry, the true nature of the socialist international economy, and indeed the links between capitalism and communism, emerge.
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SKU: 98972122130

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4.9 ★★★★★
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Stacie
Charlottesville, US
★★★★★ 5
Great for large chewers
Color: Rubber Chew Toy, Size: Large
Our dogs very favorite toy. I have bought several in all colors. Good quality and it lasted a while even with my strong dogs.
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Reviewed in the United States on April 22, 2026
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cassie
Waukegan, US
★★★★★ 5
Hard chewer pass!
Color: Rubber Chew Toy, Size: Large
Our dogs love these! They are hard chewers and am impressed they last a decent while. Good for the price!
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Reviewed in the United States on April 20, 2026
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Today
Cuba, US
★★★★★ 5
Airedale tough!
Color: Rubber Chew Toy, Size: Large
We have two young Airedale Terriers and I thought this would be a good inside toy for them to tug. And I was right! Very happily so. I have to admit I was surprised when I first saw it; it seemed so small. But the thing stretches and springs back to shape. We’ve had it about 2 weeks now and it is constantly played with. Absolutely the best toy! Very interactive either alone (it rolls) or with us or they play together. I am surprised how tough it is with all the constant rough play. Highly recommend!!!
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Reviewed in the United States on May 12, 2022
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Julie
Carnegie, US
★★★★★ 4
Small, but twisty and fun looking. Seems relatively sturdy, though doesn't look indestructible at all.
Color: Rubber Chew Toy, Size: Large
SLIGHTLY disappointed because I thought this was bigger than it is. If you squish it all in close, it's maybe one and a half times the size of a tennis ball. (Of course, the size is probably listed; I think I just assumed, so my fault.) That being said, it's entertainingly twisty and squishy, though the rubber seems relatively sturdy. I'm not yet positive if it will hold up to the 8 month retriever/lab mix it's intended for; he tends to rip instantly through anything much less sturdy than kong natural rubber. But it seems like something that will amuse him, so we're going to give it a shot at Christmas.
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Reviewed in the United States on November 7, 2014
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Kindle Customer
Draper, US
★★★★★ 5
Great product!
Color: Rubber Chew Toy, Size: Large
My dog is an aggressive chewer. I have bought this 3 times for her she loves to play tug and fetch with it. They last longer than most of the other toys I get her and it’s one of her favorites.
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Reviewed in the United States on January 1, 2025

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