SKU: 90437441369

Ballot Battles: The History of Disputed Elections in the United States

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Ballot Battles: The History of Disputed Elections in the United StatesThe 2000 presidential race resulted in the highest profile ballot battle in over a century. But it is far from the only American election determined by a handful of votes and marred by claims of fraud. Since the founding of the nation, violence frequently erupted as the votes were being counted, and more than a few elections produced manifestly unfair results. Despite America's claim to be the world's greatest democracy, its adherence to the basic

The 2000 presidential race resulted in the highest-profile ballot battle in over a century. But it is far from the only American election determined by a handful of votes and marred by claims of fraud. Since the founding of the nation, violence frequently erupted as the votes were being counted, and more than a few elections produced manifestly unfair results. Despite America's claim to be the world's greatest democracy, its adherence to the basic tenets of democratic elections-the ability to count ballots accurately and fairly even when the stakes are high-has always been shaky. A rigged gubernatorial election in New York in 1792 nearly ended in calls for another revolution, and an 1899 gubernatorial race even resulted in an assassination. Though acts of violence have decreased in frequency over the past century, fairness and accuracy in ballot counting nonetheless remains a basic problem in American political life.

In Ballot Battles, Edward Foley presents a sweeping history of election controversies in the United States, tracing how their evolution generated legal precedents that ultimately transformed how we determine who wins and who loses. While weaving a narrative spanning over two centuries, Foley repeatedly returns to an originating event: because the Founding Fathers despised parties and never envisioned the emergence of a party system, they wrote a constitution that did not provide clear solutions for high-stakes and highly-contested elections in which two parties could pool resources against one another. Moreover, in the American political system that actually developed, politicians are beholden to the parties which they represent - and elected officials have typically had an outsized say in determining the outcomes of extremely close elections that involve recounts. This underlying structural problem, more than anything else, explains why intense ballot battles that leave one side feeling aggrieved will continue to occur for the foreseeable future.

American democracy has improved dramatically over the last two centuries. But the same cannot be said for the ways in which we determine who wins the very close races. From the founding until today, there has been little progress toward fixing the problem. Indeed, supporters of John Jay in 1792 and opponents of Lyndon Johnson in the 1948 Texas Senate race would find it easy to commiserate with Al Gore after the 2000 election. Ballot Battles is not only the first full chronicle of contested elections in the US. It also provides a powerful explanation of why the American election system has been-and remains-so ineffective at deciding the tightest races in a way that all sides will agree is fair.

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SKU: 90437441369

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My daughter were these for prom and they were so cute and comfortable enough to wear all night. It’s great to be able to switch out the straps for different looks.
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These are my second pair of heels from Allegra K, I originally got the nude pair, and after wearing those all night I had to buy a black pair! I don’t use heels so these were comfortable enough to last me all night while still looking nice instead of using flats!
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Love love love these shoes. I am veryyy pregnant and heavy (as you can see in the pic). I used them for a wedding (all day long) and they were so comfortable (and I am not used to wearing heels). The size was perfect. I recommend them.
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Reviewed in the United States on February 25, 2021
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These are very cheaply made, and they look like it. The ties don’t even have hymned/sown sides.
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Waukegan, US
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SMALL STRETCH STUNNING BRACELET
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I wear the silver one every day and even in shower never take it off and LOVE it - just purchased two gold bracelets for graduation gifts !! they are beautiful on
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Reviewed in the United States on May 16, 2026

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