SKU: 70870769045

Expelling the Poor: Atlantic Seaboard States and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of American Immigration Policy

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Expelling the Poor: Atlantic Seaboard States and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of American Immigration PolicyHistorians have long assumed that immigration to the United States was free from regulation until anti Asian racism on the West Coast triggered the introduction of federal laws to restrict Chinese immigration in the 1880s. Studies of European immigration and government control on the East Coast have, meanwhile, focused on Ellis Island, which opened in 1892. In this groundbreaking work, Hidetaka Hirota reinterprets the origins of immigration

Historians have long assumed that immigration to the United States was free from regulation until anti-Asian racism on the West Coast triggered the introduction of federal laws to restrict Chinese immigration in the 1880s. Studies of European immigration and government control on the East Coast have, meanwhile, focused on Ellis Island, which opened in 1892.

In this groundbreaking work, Hidetaka Hirota reinterprets the origins of immigration restriction in the United States, especially deportation policy, offering the first sustained study of immigration control conducted by states prior to the introduction of federal immigration law. Faced with the influx of impoverished Irish immigrants over the first half of the nineteenth century, nativists in New York and Massachusetts built upon colonial poor laws to develop policies for prohibiting the landing of destitute foreigners and deporting those already resident to Europe, Canada, or other American states. These policies laid the foundations for federal immigration law. By investigating state officials' practices of illegal removal, including the overseas deportation of citizens, this book reveals how the state-level treatment of destitute immigrants set precedents for the use of unrestricted power against undesirable aliens. It also traces the transnational lives of the migrants from their initial departure from Ireland and passage to North America through their expulsion from the United States and postdeportation lives in Europe, showing how American deportation policy operated as part of the broader exclusion of nonproducing members from societies in the Atlantic world.

By locating the roots of American immigration control in cultural prejudice against the Irish and, more essentially, economic concerns about their poverty in nineteenth-century New York and Massachusetts, Expelling the Poor fundamentally revises the history of American immigration policy.

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SKU: 70870769045

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Lisa C.
Pawtucket, US
★★★★★ 4
Fun for retrieving and chewing.
Color: carrot orange
My lab loves this carrot, and uses it to retrieve and is not easily destroyed. However, he was able to pull off the leaves the first day. It’s still functional, just know they’re gonna come off if you have a chewer. Purchased based of recommendations for indestructible toys.
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Reviewed in the United States on April 21, 2026
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The fabric is a soft Jean material which is nice. It only shrinks a very small amount. It is NOT meant for tall people. I ordered a medium and I’m 5’10 135 lbs and they are high waters unfortunately
Lake Worth, US
★★★★★ 5
Great
Color: carrot orange
The greenery came off very quickly after a few chews but the orange rubber material, my pup really enjoys. It feels good on her teeth and she will just chew on it for hours.
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Reviewed in the United States on April 24, 2026
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M
Fort Morgan, US
★★★★★ 5
Very durable!
Color: carrot orange
This toy lasted us so long! It is durable, the dogs love the squeaker, and they love to try to chew the green leaves.
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Reviewed in the United States on June 6, 2026
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TV
Grantham, US
★★★★★ 3
Did not last an hour. Leaves destroyed and pieces everywhere.
Color: carrot orange
Did not last an hour for medium size dog. Will not hold up to any aggressive chewer.
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Reviewed in the United States on May 3, 2026
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Paul Duke
Dallas, US
★★★★★ 5
Awesome and truly indestructible
Color: carrot orange
Very good dog toy. My dog destroys most “indestructible” dog toys within an hour. This has withstood her every effort. She loves the crinkle and loves the bounce when fetching.
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Reviewed in the United States on May 25, 2026

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