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Josef Strommer as a hunterExploring the Masterpiece: Josef Strommer as a Hunter by August von Pettenkofen Artistic Context: The Life and Times of August von Pettenkofen Influences of 19th Century Austrian Art August von Pettenkofen emerged during a vibrant period in 19th century Austrian art. This era was marked by a blend of Romanticism and Realism, where artists sought to capture the beauty of nature and the human experience. Influenced by the picturesque landscapes of the
Exploring the Masterpiece: Josef Strommer as a Hunter by August von Pettenkofen
Artistic Context: The Life and Times of August von Pettenkofen
Influences of 19th Century Austrian Art
August von Pettenkofen emerged during a vibrant period in 19th century Austrian art. This era was marked by a blend of Romanticism and Realism, where artists sought to capture the beauty of nature and the human experience. Influenced by the picturesque landscapes of the Austrian countryside, von Pettenkofen's work reflects a deep appreciation for the natural world. His contemporaries, such as Franz Xaver Winterhalter and Hans Makart, also explored similar themes, but von Pettenkofen's focus on hunting and rural life set him apart.Von Pettenkofen's Unique Style and Techniques
Von Pettenkofen developed a distinctive style characterized by rich colors and dynamic compositions. He often employed a technique known as "alla prima," allowing him to capture the spontaneity of the moment. His brushwork is fluid and expressive, creating a sense of movement that draws viewers into the scene. This approach not only showcases his technical skill but also his ability to convey emotion through art.Connection to the Natural World in His Works
Nature plays a central role in von Pettenkofen's paintings. He often depicted hunters in lush landscapes, emphasizing the harmony between man and the environment. This connection reflects the 19th-century fascination with the outdoors and the romantic ideal of the noble hunter. His works invite viewers to appreciate the beauty of nature while contemplating humanity's place within it.Detailed Analysis of Josef Strommer as a Hunter
Visual Composition: Elements and Arrangement
In "Josef Strommer as a Hunter," the composition is carefully arranged to guide the viewer's eye. The hunter, Josef Strommer, stands confidently in the foreground, surrounded by a rich tapestry of foliage and wildlife. The placement of elements creates a sense of depth, drawing attention to the intricate details of the scene. This thoughtful arrangement enhances the narrative quality of the painting.Color Palette: Symbolism and Emotional Impact
The color palette of this artwork is both vibrant and earthy. Rich greens and browns dominate, symbolizing the lushness of the Austrian landscape. The warm tones evoke feelings of warmth and nostalgia, while the cooler shades add depth and contrast. This combination creates an emotional resonance that invites viewers to reflect on the themes of nature and adventure.Brushwork and Texture: Techniques of the Master
Von Pettenkofen's brushwork in "Josef Strommer as a Hunter" is masterful. He uses varied brushstrokes to create texture, from the soft fur of the animals to the rough bark of the trees. This attention to detail enhances the realism of the painting, making it a captivating visual experience. The texture invites viewers to explore the painting closely, revealing new details with each glance.The Subject Matter: Understanding Josef Strommer
Who Was Josef Strommer? A Brief Biography
Josef Strommer was a notable figure in 19th-century Austria, known for his skills as a hunter and his connection to the natural world. His life as a hunter reflects the cultural values of the time, where hunting was not only a means of sustenance but also a symbol of status and masculinity. Strommer's legacy lives on through von Pettenkofen's portrayal, capturing the essence of a hunter's spirit.The Significance of Hunting in 19th Century Austria
Hunting held significant cultural importance in 19th-century Austria. It was a pastime enjoyed by the nobility and a way to connect with nature. The act of hunting was often romanticized in art, symbolizing bravery, skill, and a deep respect for the wilderness. Von Pettenkofen's painting encapsulates this cultural phenomenon, showcasing the hunter as a heroic figure in harmony with nature.Symbolism of the Hunter: Man vs. Nature
The figure of the hunter in this painting represents the eternal struggle between man and nature. It embodies themes of survival, respect for wildlife, and the balance of power in the natural world. This symbolism resonates with viewers, prompting them to consider their own relationship with nature and the impact of human actions on the environment.Historical Significance: The Role of Hunting in Art
Hunting as a Cultural Reflection in Art History
Hunting has been a recurring theme in art throughout history. From ancient cave paintings to Renaissance masterpieces, artists have depicted the hunt as a reflection of human experience. In the 19th century, this theme evolved, with artists like von Pettenkofen capturing the romanticism of the hunt in a way that resonates with contemporary audiences.Comparative Analysis: Other Notable Hunting Paintings
When comparing "Josef Strommer as a Hunter" to other notable hunting paintings, such as "The Hunting Party" by Édouard Manet or "The Stag at Bay" by Sir Edwin Landseer, von Pettenkofen's work stands out for its emotional depth and connection to the Austrian landscape. Each artist brings a unique perspective to the theme of hunting, but von Pettenkofen's portrayal is particularly evocative of the natural beauty of Austria.Impact of Hunting Depictions on Modern Art
The depiction of hunting in art continues to influence modern artists. Contemporary works often explore themes of conservation and the ethical implications of hunting. Von Pettenkofen's painting serves as a historical reference point, reminding viewers of the complex relationship between humanity and nature that persists today.Emotional Resonance: The Viewer's Experience
Interpreting the Mood and Atmosphere of the Painting
The mood of "Josef Strommer as a Hunter" is one of tranquility and contemplation. The serene landscape contrasts with the dynamic figure of the hunter, creating a sense of balance. Viewers may feel a connection to the peacefulness of nature, prompting reflections on their own experiences in the outdoors.Personal Reflections: What the Painting Evokes
This painting evokes a sense of adventure and nostalgia. It invites viewers to remember their own encounters with nature and the thrill of exploration. The emotional depth of the artwork encourages personal reflections on the beauty of the natural world and the importance of preserving it.Engaging with Art: How to Appreciate This Work
To fully appreciate "Josef Strommer as a Hunter," viewers should take time to observe the details. Notice the interplay of light and shadow, the textures of the foliage, and the expression on Strommer's face. Engaging with the painting on a personal level enhances the experience, allowing for a deeper understanding of its themes and emotions.Preservation and Legacy: The Journey of the Painting
Historical Ownership and Provenance of the Artwork
The provenance of "Josef Strommer as a Hunter" traces back to its creation in the 19th century. It has passed through various collections, each adding to its rich history. Understanding its journey enhances appreciation for the artwork and its significance in art history.Restoration Efforts: Maintaining Artistic Integrity
Restoration efforts have played a crucial role in preserving the integrity of this painting. Experts have carefully worked to maintain its original colors and textures, ensuring that future generations can enjoy its beauty. These efforts highlight the importance of art conservation in preserving cultural heritage.Exhibitions and Public Reception Over Time
Over the years, "Josef Strommer as a Hunter" has been featured in numerous exhibitions, captivating audiences with its beauty and depth. Public reception has evolved, reflecting changing attitudes toward hunting and nature. Each exhibition offers a new opportunity for viewers to connect with the artwork and its themes.FAQs About Josef Strommer as a Hunter
What is the story behind the painting Josef Strommer as a Hunter?
The painting tells the story of Josef Strommer, a skilled hunter, set against the backdrop of the Austrian wilderness. It captures the essence of hunting culture in the 19th century, highlighting the relationship between man and nature.What techniques did August von Pettenkofen use in this artwork?
Von Pettenkofen used techniques such as alla prima painting and varied brushwork to create texture and depth. His use of color and composition enhances the emotional impact of the scene.How does this painting reflect the culture of its time?
The painting reflects the 19th-century Austrian culture that revered hunting as a noble pursuit. It symbolizes the connection to nature and the romantic ideals of the time.What emotions does the painting evoke in viewers?
Viewers often feel a sense of tranquility and nostalgia when observing the painting. It evokes reflections on nature, adventure, and the beauty of the outdoors.Are there any notable exhibitions featuring this painting?
Yes, "Josef Strommer as a Hunter" has been featured in several notable exhibitions, showcasing its significance in art history and its enduring appeal to audiences.FAQs About the Painting Reproduction
How can I ensure the quality of the painting reproduction?
To ensure quality, look for reproductions created using high-quality materials and techniques that replicate the original's colors and textures. A reputable art reproduction company will provide superior craftsmanship.What should I consider when displaying a reproduction of this artwork?
When displaying a reproduction, consider the lighting and placement to enhance its visual impact. Choose a location that allows viewers to appreciate the details and colors of the artwork fully.Shipping Notes
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4.2 ★★★★★
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★★★★★ 4
Good Book; Slightly Biased
I liked Tim Keller's book quite a bit. He makes a strong, biblical case for the necessity for christians to do justice. This part of the gospel has been lacking in conservative, evangelical circles. So, Pastor Keller performs a real service, as a conservative evangelical, in speaking out on the issue.
However, there is a slight, conservative, bias in the book. He seems to try to bend over backwards to be fair, but still ends up missing and misstating a few things.
As a conservative, he de-emphasizes the important role of government in social justice and the necessity for christians to actively promote justice in the public sphere. Yes, he mentions this, and even gives some examples where christians should be involved in promoting justice in the public sphere. But, the instances he cites are small cases like when we see injustice in local law enforcement or building inspector corruption. Those sorts of things. That's fine as far as it goes, but it's the tip of the iceberg. The things that can make a big difference in our society in promoting justice are national policies involving health care, housing assistance, education assistance, food stamps, etc.
Mr. Keller avoids talking about those things because they are inconsistent with the politics that conservative christians almost universally support. So, he doesn't want to alienate his supporters. And, perhaps he himself opposes things like national health care. Of course, obviously, that position is inconsistent with what Jesus taught about caring for the poor and sick. Mr. Keller, and other conservatives, would say it's not the government's role to provide health care to the poor; rather the role of the church. And, he would cite some small example of some church that maybe offers free health screenings. Give me a break. Tell me the church I can send a homeless person to where he can live and receive the cancer or heart treatment he needs and then I'll agree with Mr. Keller and the conservatives. Until then, the government MUST play a role in this area and christians should be leaders in promoting that.
But, Mr. Keller, rather predictably, mostly ignores this issue of the actual, true role of modern government in justice -- which necessarily, for better or worse, has to be quite large.
We see this conservative slant to the book other times as well. For instance, when talking about the Sermon on the Mount, Keller says that both conservatives and liberals miss part of Jesus' message. He says conservatives ignore Jesus' words about social justice and liberals ignore his words about personal morality. I just don't think that's fair because I think liberal christians care just as much as conservatives about private morality. It's possible to point to an issue here or there where that's not true; but then it's possible to point to others that point in the other direction. The bottom line is that supporting social justice requires private morality (unselfishness). Mr. Keller cites the private/individual morality issues that Jesus discusses as sexual lust in the heart, adultery, divorce and overwork and materialism. Yet, there is no evidence that liberals are more guilty of these issues than conservatives; in fact, I'd suggest the opposite may be true (certainly with respect to overwork and materialism).
I wish Keller would simply admit the obvious which is that liberal christians are much more on board with the Sermon on the Mount and generally with Jesus' message of promotion of Justice and God's Kingdom on earth. That message is at the heart of christian liberalism. But, rather than simply admitting that this is an area that liberals generally get right and conservatives get wrong; instead Keller reaches for straws that don't exist.
We see this again when Keller says in the introduction to the book that Walter Rauschenbusch (a "father" of liberal christianity) "rejected the traditional doctrines of Scripture and atonement." As evidence for this serious and broad criticism, Keller provides a footnote which fails to provide any quotes, rather it simply references Rauschenbusch's book A Theology for the Social Gospel, Ch. 19 and says that Rauschenbusch therein "rejects the theory of penal substitution."
Yet if one reads Ch. 19 of Rauschenbusch's book, one will find he clearly does NOT reject the theories of atonement or penal substitution. In fact, on page 244 Rauschenbusch states: "As Christian men we believe that the death of our Lord concerns us all. Our sins caused it. He bore the sin of the world. In turn his death was somehow for our good. Our spiritual situation is fundamentally changed in consequence of it." Then on pg. 273, Rauschenbusch says: "The cross is the monumental fact telling of grace and inviting repentance and humility."
Furthermore, Rauschenbusch on numerous occasions in all his books specifically states that his ideas of social justice take nothing away from traditional christian theology; rather they add important things to it. The very things Keller talks about.
Again, Keller provides no detailed information about why he thinks Rauschenbusch denied the theory of atonement -- he simply says he did and in a footnote cites a book that seems to not say what Keller thinks it says.
This kind of unfair and misleading criticism of "liberal" christians is just wrong and we see it too much. Liberal christianity does not deny any of the essentials of the faith (at least the liberals that Keller talks about); but adds the "do" and "God's Kingdom" parts of the gospel that conservative christians too often miss. Keller does a great service in pointing this out. I just wish he was fair to liberal christians who have long been exactly where Mr. Keller has now arrived.
But, again, very good book. And, one that I hope many christians (conservative and liberal) will read.
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Reviewed in the United States on May 12, 2011
★★★★★ 5
Book Summary for Generous Justice
I have read several of Keller's books. This one is a must read for every Christian, especially for those who hearts are nudging them toward ministry to the poor, the oppressed, and the marginalized. I will attempt summarize the book, but I encourage you to read it for yourself.
In Chapter One, citing Micah 6:8, Keller defines biblical justice as care for the vulnerable.
In premodern, agrarian societies, these four groups [widows, orphans, immigrants, and the poor] had no social power. They lived at a subsistence level and were only a few days away from starvation if there were any famine, invasion, or even minor social unrest. Today this quartet would be expanded to include the refugee, the migrant worker, the homeless, and many single parents and elderly people. The mishpat, or justness, of a society, according to the Bible, is evaluated by how it treats these groups. (pp.4-5)
Realize, then, how significant it is that the Biblical writers introduce God as "a father to the fatherless, a defender of widows" (Psalm 68:4-5). This is one of the main things he does in the world. He identifies with the powerless; he takes up their cause. (p.6)
Keller introduces another word for justice from the Old Testament, tzadeqah, which defines the righteous as those who are "right with God and therefore committed to putting right all other relationships in life." (p10) The two words, mishpat and tzadeqah, are used together over three dozen times. "The English expression that best conveys the meaning is 'social justice.'" (p.14) Keller then turns to the New Testament to point out that Jesus calls gifts to the poor "acts of righteousness." (Matthew 6:1-2) He concludes that "not giving generously, then, is not stinginess, but unrighteousness, a violation of God's law." (p15)
Chapter Two delves more deeply into the the themes of justice in the Old Testament. God gave the Israelites numerous laws "that, if practiced, would have virtually eliminated any permanent underclass." (p.27) There were laws of release from debt every seven years. Deuteronomy 15:7-8 commands Israelites to "be openhanded and freely lend him [the poor] whatever he needs," to help them reach self-sufficiency. Gleaning laws commanded land owners to leave a certain portion of their crops in the fields so that the poor could work to provide food for themselves. Every third year the tithes were put in public storehouses for the poor and marginalized. (Deut. 14:29) Every fifty years on the year of Jubilee, all debts were forgiven, the land went back to its original owners, and slaves were freed.
Each person or family had at least a once-in-a-lifetime chance to start afresh, no matter how irresponsibly they had handled their finances or how far into debt they had fallen. (p.28)
Keller shows how Paul used Exodus 16:18 as a reference when he wrote 2 Corinthians Chapter Eight. He showed how the Israelites were commanded not to hoard manna, but to share it with those who may not have gathered enough. The idea being that "the money you earn is a gift from God. Therefore the money you make must be shared to build up community. So wealthier believers must share with poorer ones. (p31) Before you jump to any conclusions, Keller is not a socialist, but shows how the Bible cannot be confined to any one political or economic philosophy. He cites Craig Blomberg's survey of the Mosaic laws of gleaning, releasing, tithing, and the Jubilee, where he concludes: "the Biblical attitude toward wealth and possessions does not fit into any of the normal categories of democratic capitalism, or of traditional monarchial feudalism, or of state socialism." (p.32)
Keller writes: "One of the main reasons we cannot fit the Bible's approach into a liberal or conservative economic model is the Scripture's highly nuanced understanding of the causes of poverty." (p.33) Whereas liberals blame social forces beyond the control of the poor and conservatives blame the breakdown of the family, poor character, and bad personal practices, the Bible is more balanced. Oppression is certainly one main reason for poverty, and the rich are blamed when vast disparities exist between the rich and poor. I will not cite the references here to be as concise as possible. He writes: "the Mosaic legislation was designed to keep the ordinary disparities between the wealthy and the poor from becoming aggravated and extreme." (p.33) The Bible also lists natural disasters as a cause of poverty. Some people lack the ability to make wise decisions. Another cause is personal moral failure. "Poverty, therefore, is seen in the Bible as a very complex phenomenon." (p.34)
In the New Testament, Keller quotes Luke 14:12-13 to show us "that it is in some respects our duty to give a preference to the poor." (p.46) In contrast to the patronage system in existence in Jesus' day, what Jesus prescribed "would have looked like economic and social suicide." (p.47) Instead of doing favors for the rich and influential, our Lord advised serving those who can do nothing for us. "Like Isaiah, Jesus taught that a lack of concern for the poor is not a minor lapse, but reveals that something is seriously wrong with one's spiritual compass, the heart." (p.51) The parable of the sheep and goats teaches that our heart and service towards the poor and marginalized reflect our heart and service to Jesus.
Perhaps the best chapter in the book is the fifth, entitled "Why Should We Do Justice?" When we delve down into what really motivates our behavior and values, we discover hidden treasure. It is obvious that mere reason and guilt trips will not change people's hearts to be more involved with helping the helpless. Keller comes at the "why" from two angles. The first is what he calls "honoring the image," which is based on creation. "The image of God carries with it the right to not be mistreated or harmed." (p.84) Or to put it another way, "Because we treasure the owner [God], we honor his house [people]." (p.85) Using this line of reasoning, we must acknowledge that everything we have came from God and ultimately belongs to God. We are stewards or caretakers of another's property. Applying the Old Testament principles of mishpat and tzadeqah, we can say, "the righteous [tzaddiq]...are willing to disadvantage themselves to advantage the community; the wicked are willing to disadvantage the community to advantage themselves." (p.90) Does this not echo the words of Paul:
You know the generous grace of our Lord Jesus Christ. Though he was rich, yet for your sakes he became poor, so that by his poverty he could make you rich. 2 Corinthians 8:9 (NLT)
With reference to the gleaning laws, Keller writes:
In God's view, however, while the poor did not have a right to the ownership of the farmer's land, they had a right to some of its produce. If the owner did not limit his profits and provide the poor with an opportunity to work for their own benefit in the field, he did not simply deprive the poor of charity, but of justice, of their right. Why? A lack of generosity refuses to acknowledge that your assets are not really yours, but God's. (p.91)
The second part of the "why" we should do justice is found in our response to grace. The idea here is that none of us deserve God's grace. Any argument against serving the poor because they don't deserve our help falls apart in light of this truth. James wrote that to look at a brother or sister without resources and do nothing about it reveals a lifeless kind of faith. (James 2:15-16) The doctrine of justification is necessary because the demands of the law are so high that none of us can attain to it. God's commands regarding loving the poor and helpless are so high that we must rely on God's grace to enable us to fulfill them. "People who come to grasp the gospel of grace and become spiritually poor find their hearts gravitating toward the materially poor. To the degree that the gospel shapes your self-image, you will identify with those in need." (p.102) Keller concludes: "I believe, however, when justice for the poor is connected not to guilt but to grace and to the gospel, this 'pushes the button' down deep in believers' souls, and they begin to wake up." (p.107)
The last two chapters deal with practical aspects of doing justice individually, as a church, and in partnership with others in the community. Since I am growing weary and need to move on to some other things, I will leave those to you to read. The last chapter shows how Jesus identified with the poor and oppressed when he hung upon the cross, penniless and without justice. His trial and execution were illegal. God came to earth as a poor carpenter and died as a criminal. He is the advocate of the poor, oppressed, and marginalized people of the earth, and has called his church to join him in manifesting God's love to those who desperately need it.
I hope you will take the time to purchase and read this book. It will impact your life for good.
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Reviewed in the United States on November 9, 2011
★★★★★ 5
Awakening My Heart for the Poor
"I would like to believe that a heart for the poor `sleeps' down in a Christian's soul until it is awakened" says Tim Keller in Generous Justice.
He then adds, "when justice for the poor is connected not to guilt but to grace and to the gospel, this `pushes the button' down deep in believers' souls, and then begin to wake up.
For me, Generous Justice, pushed the button, one that God has been pushing the past year or so, to see the world, to see the challenges of the poor and other 3rd world issues, with a desire to make a difference.
What I like about Keller's theology and writing is an understanding of grace. Guilt can motivate, but it's not God's way to motivate. Guilt can push for a moment, grace can drive for a lifetime. And the issues of the poor will take a lifetime of grace to deal with in this world.
Keller does a great job of digging into a Biblical sense of justice. For most people justice works us to just what they think it should be. Justice in the Biblical sense is more then punishment for what's wrong, it's upholding the needs of the poor and powerless. Justice protects their rights and their value before God.
In the Parable of the Good Samaritan, the Samaritan man shows justice and kindness to the Jewish man in need. He provides Generous Justice. But Keller picks it up a notch, by pointing out, what if the Good Samaritan travels that road often and keeps finding Jewish men mugged, beaten, left for dead? What does he do then? Generous Justice would be that he works to change the systemic issues.
Generous Justice is not simply how I respond, but how we respond to those in needs as individuals, congregations, and yes, in the political process as well. You may not always agree with Keller, but he will make you think and lay out the possible options to work through.
One of my favourite stories Keller includes is about the Roman Emperor Julian, who was not a big fan of Christians. Yet Julian says about these Christians he despises that they take care of their poor and ours as well. That love, that Generous Justice in action, transformed the world for Christ. We need such a transformation of Generous Justice in our day.
I highly recommend Generous Justice. It is more then a theological / theoretical book of what could be. Generous Justice is a theological / practical book of what by God's grace we can do as we empowered by God to serve the powerless with the power of God's love at work.
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Reviewed in the United States on February 20, 2012
★★★★★ 5
Justice and Grace, God's desire for our lives
Format: Kindle
Tim Keller does another great job in writing a book that will be helpful for Pastors and laymen. He takes the issue of God's Justice and guides us through a discussion of what it justice means Biblically and how do we apply it today. There are many verses about justice and especially about helping the poor in the Old and New Testament. Many are in the Old Testament and people often dismiss them thinking that the Old Testament has been done away with and replaced with the New Testament.
But the bottom line is this, the poor we will have with us always and how do we deal with them? How do we help them with their issues of hunger, lack of resources, lack of advocates standing up for them with the judicial system and society at large. What also do we do with the "year of jubilee" where the debts of the poor are forgiven and they are given a fresh start. What should we do with that today.
Keller takes us through a discussion of the definition of Justice, why the Old Testament is still valid, what does Jesus say and how do we treat our neighbors. He reminds us that the Old Testament, specifically the nation of Israel, was a Theocracy style of government. So how do we in a democracy deal with the poor since it is a completely different style of government than a Theocracy. What is the point of justice? What should we do about standing in the gap for our neighbors who are poor, or do we ignore them and let the government deal with them through welfare?
There are deep theological issues here and deep moral issues as well. How do you respond to the poor? How do you handle your resources? What do you do regarding Charity? Why do you act charitably?
Keller also talks a good bit about how our young people are moving back into a culture of "volunteerism" and the benefits that has on society as well as on themselves. But the real issue comes down to the heart issue of why do they volunteer to help the poor.
Wrapped in all of this is a discussion also about "God's Grace". Because some people feel that justice might just mean that we let people suffer in their poverty because they bring it on themselves. But the Bible is clear. Our task is to help the poor, the widow, the orphan, etc. These people are precious to God and thus should be precious to us.
This is a quick read, but a very needed read for the "Western Church" today. You will be forced to look at the role of "Deacon" in the church and how that role was put together to serve the poor. You will be left with this question, how does my church stack up in regards to reaching the poor? How would God feel we have done in serving the poor and providing "justice" for them.
Enjoy!
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Reviewed in the United States on November 3, 2010
★★★★★ 5
A Slim Book with a Big Message
The book is an attempt, Keller writes, to connect a person's Christian faith with the desire to help people in need and do justice in all aspects of one's life. He is writing for four groups of people, he says. These are:
-- Those, especially the young, who are active in volunteering and want to help the poor but their concern does not affect how they spend money or plan their careers.
-- Those who don't see, as Jonathan Edwards said, that when the Spirit enables us to understand what Christ has done for us, "the result is a life poured out in deeds of justice and compassion for the poor."
-- Younger evangelicals who have expanded their mission to include social justice along with evangelism.
-- People like the atheist Christopher Hitchins who believe that religion "poisons everything."
This book, Keller writes, is for "the orthodox (Christian) to see how central to the Scripture's message is justice for the poor and marginalized. I also want to challenge those who do not believe in Christianity to see the Bible not as a repressive text, but as the basis for the modern understanding of human rights."
Keller spends the early parts of his book discussing how justice for the poor, the immigrant, the widow and orphan was central to the concept of mercy (in Hebrew, chesedh), justice (mishpat) and righteousness (tzadeqah). Mercy has to do with aligning our attitude with that of a merciful God. Justice is aligning our actions -- equitable dealings with people -- with a just God's. Righteousness in the Hebrew context has more to do with right relationships than obeying a set of rules, as modern Christians often think of it.
Someone who is "right with God (is) therefore committed to putting right all other relationships in life." (Alec Motyer) Righteousness is "day to day living in which a person conducts all relationships in family and society with fairness.While tzadeqah is primarily about being in a right relationship with God, the righteous life that results is profoundly social. (See Job 29:12-17, 31-13-28.
Keller details the Hebrew law's provision for exercising justice. These are:
-- Shemitta, or release. The practice of the Sabbath year, every seventh year releasing people from debts or servitude. Deut. 15:1-2
-- Gleanings. The practice of not harvesting fields to their borders. Keller suggests that modern businesses could imitate this practice by not maximizing profits, thus giving price relief to their customers, and not paying workers the lowest possible wages. Leviticus 19:9-10, 23:22
-- Tithing for the priests and the upkeep of the temple. Every third year the tithe was put in public storehouses for the poor, "the aliens, the fatherless, and the widows." Deut. 14:28-29. This makes me think that churches should practice this in some form by systematically committing a portion of its receipts to serving the poor and needy.
-- Year of Jubilee. The practice of every 49th or 50th year of forgiving debts and returning land to its ancestral owner. Leviticus 25:10, 23, 27:21.
These practices helped meet the needs of the poor and helped prevent permanent cycles of poverty.
The three causes of poverty, according to the Law are oppression, calamity and personal moral failure. The biblical emphasis is usually on the larger structural factors -- corruption, oppressive economic systems and natural disasters. The exercise of justice, however, never distinguishes between the three. That is, no matter why a person is poor, the righteous person should care for him.
Well, that's the Old Testament,, some might say. But Jesus showed the same concern for the poor and disadvantaged, if not more so. His response to John in Matthew 11:4-5, and the beginning of his ministry in Luke 4. As Eugene Peterson writes in The Message, the Word became flesh and moved into the neighborhood. He identified himself with the poor and showed special concern for children, aliens, women.
Jesus and the prophets all "leveled the charge that while the people attended worship, observed all religious regulations and took pride in their biblical knowledge, nevertheless they took advantage of the weak and vulnerable."
Vulnerable people need three levels of help -- relief, development and social reform. Relief is the immediate problem (paying the rent, for instance); development is to help then move beyond dependency (job training); social reform is correcting systemic injustice (redlining).Social reform likely requires the creation of extra-church or parachurch organizations. Churches also can partner with existing organizations or churches that operate in vulnerable populations.
Evangelism and social justice "should exist in an asymmetrical, inseparable relationship. Evangelism is the most basic and radical ministry possible to a human being ... not because the spiritual is more important than the physical, but because the eternal is more important than the temporal. If there is a God, and if life with him for eternity is based on having a saving relationship with him, then the most loving thing anyone can do for one's neighbor is help him or her to a saving faith in that God, Keller writes.
Doing justice is inseparably connected to preaching grace. One way is that the gospel produces a concern for the poor. The other is that deeds of justice gain credibility for the preaching of the gospel.
This book is a slim one that carries a heavy message. It challenges us comfortable churchgoers to examine our community and ask whether we are of any importance to the wider community. If our "church" ceased to exist, would anyone miss us? What are we doing in obedience to God's commands to serve the poor, the widow, the orphan, the prisoner, the hungry? There is a lot here to reflect on and for a small group(s) to discuss and apply. Unfortunately, I contacted the publisher and there is no accompanying study guide.
Keller is pastor of Redeemer Presbyterian Church in New York City.
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Reviewed in the United States on October 12, 2011
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